生态系统服务
生态系统服务本身具有正外部性，属于公共产品，再加上提供服务的森林、湿地等资源产权不清晰，大多数属于公共产权，导致在中国很难通过市场渠道来评估生态系统服务的价值，并对提供服务者以补偿。即使在产权逐步清晰的情况下，由于中国生态服务的提供者和受益者众多（例如流域的上下之间）， 由于信息不充分，交易成本高等因素，提供者和受益者几乎没有通过市场渠道进行交易的可能。
As is known to all, the services provided by the eco-systems are by nature of positive externality and typically belong to public goods. Moreover, the forests, wetlands and other natural resources that provide eco-services often don’t have clearly defined ownership rights and are chiefly owned by the public. As a result, it is very difficult to assess their values through market channels and compensate those who provide such services. Even in cases where the ownership rights are gradually being clarified, it is still hardly possible for the providers and beneficiaries of such services to be involved in market-based transactions, primarily due to information asymmetry and higher transactional costs resulted from the vast number of stakeholders (for instance, relationships between those inhabited respectively in the upper and lower reaches of river valleys).
实践中的情况是，中央政府用统一的标准对提供生态服务的生态公益林进行补偿，另外一方面，一些地方政府扮演中间人角色，从受益方支付的资源使用费（例如居民的水费，水电企业的利润等）中提取一部分转移支付给提供方。政府往往根据财政预算对生态系统服务的价值进行衡量，因此生态系统服务的真正价值难易实现。
The actual scenario is that the compensatory funds for eco-forests are often provided by the Central Government of the country at uniformed standards. Meanwhile, the local governments at some regions sometimes play the role of middlemen by charging certain amount of fees from the users of the natural resources (such as the water fees collected from the residents, or the profits handed in by water/electricity-supplying businesses and etc.) and then transfer parts of these fees to the providers of such services as compensations. Eco-services are typically measured by the government on basis of availability of fiscal budgets, rather than on basis of the actual values of them.
来源：笔译备考实训（汉译英）
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